4  I924 

MERICAN  GAS  ASSOCIATION 

130  East  15th  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


1921  Convention 


A  Selected  and  Annotated  Bibliography 
on  Gas  Purification. 

By 

A.  R.  POWELL  and  K.  C.  WALKER 

Sub-Committee   I 
of  the   Purification   Committee 


*  Published  by  permission  of  the  Director,    U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines. 


| 


OUTLINE  OF  CLASSIFICATION 

I.     Sulphur  Compounds  in  Gas;  Their  Reactions,  Identifi- 
cation and  Analysis. 

1.  Sulphur  Compounds  Present  in  Gas. 

2.  General  Properties,  Reaction  and  Analysis. 

a.  Hydrogen  sulphide. 

b.  Carbon  bisulphide. 

c.  Other  possible  sulphur  compounds. 

II.     Gas  Purification  (Removal  of  Sulphur  from  Gas). 

1.  Removal  of  Hydrogen  Sulphide. 

a.  General  reviews. 

b.  Iron  oxide  purification. 

i     Composition  and  properties  of  iron  oxide, 
ii     Methods  of  manufacture  and  description 

of  oxide  for  purification, 
iii     Reactions  and  products, 
iv     Revivification, 
v     Spent  oxide. 

a.  Extraction  of  sulphur. 

b.  Utilization   other  than   sulphur   ex- 

traction. 

vi     Construction  of  purifiers, 
vii     Operation  of  purifiers. 

c.  Lime  and  other  solid  purification. 

d.  Liquid  purification. 

i     Feld  process, 
ii     Burkheiser  process, 
iii     Miscellaneous  processes. 

e.  Gaseous  purification. 

2.  Removal  of  Carbon  Bisulphide. 

a.  Hot  purification. 

b.  Alkali  cellulose. 

c.  Miscellaneous  processes. 

3.  Removal  of  Other  Organic  Sulphur  Compounds. 


Pitt 


A   SELECTED   AND   ANNOTATED   BIBLIOGRAPHY   ON    GAS 
PURIFICATION x 


BY 

A.  R.  Powsu,2  and  K.  C. 


This  bibliography  was  prepared  as  a  portion  of  the  work 
of  the  Purification  Committee  for  the  year  1921.  As  the 
title  indicates,  it  is  not  intended  to  be  a  complete,  com- 
pendium of  the  literature  on  gas  purification,  but  is  designed 
to  cover  the  more  important  published  work  which  has  been 
done  on  the  theory  and  practice  of  gas  purification.  In  order 
to  reduce  errors  and  omissions  of  important  work  as  much 
as  possible  in  the  limited  time  available,  this  bibliography 
was  sent  to  each  member  of  the  purification  committee  for 
criticisms  and  suggestions :  it  is  requested  that  other  readers 
send  their  criticisms  to  the  author  for  inclusion  in  the  final 
corrected  copy  of  the  proceedings  in  which  this  report  will 
be  published. 

Some  older  references  have  not  been  given  since  they 
have  been  covered  fairly  well  in  the  historical  review  of  gas 
purification  by  Wolffram  (Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  54,  1911,  pp. 
299-305,  323-329).  Much  additional  information  on  gas  puri- 
fication may  also  be  found  in  the  various  reports  of  the 
British  Alkali  Inspector.  Very  few  of  the  numerous  patents 
on  gas  purification  have  been  included  in  this  bibliography 
and  then  only  because  they  bring  out  some  special  process 
or  idea  not  described  in  the  literature. 


1  Published  by  permission  of  the  Director,  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines. 

2  Chairman,  Subcommittee  I.    Purification  Committee,  American  Gas 

Association. 

Physical  Organic  Chemist,  Bureau  of  Mines,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
*  Research  Reference  Librarian,  Bureau  of  Mines,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


551163 


*•« 


Acknowledgment  for  valuable  assistance  and  sugges- 
tions in  the  compilation  of  this  bibliography  is  gratefully 
given  to  Mr.  A.  C.  Fieldner,  Chairman  of  the  Purification 
Committee,  Mr.  C.  H.  Stone,  Rochester  Gas  &  Electric  Cor- 
poration, Dr.  J.  F.  Wing,  Boston  Consolidated  Gas  Com- 
pany, Mr.  F.  W.  Sperr,  Jr.,  Koppers  Company,  Mr.  W.  A. 
Dunkley,  Bureau  of  Mines,  and  to  all  the  other  members  of 
the  Purification  Committee. 


I.     Sulphur  compounds  in  gas;  their  reactions,  identifica- 
tions and  analysis. 

1.  Sulphur  compounds  present  in  gas. 

1.  McBride,  R.  S.,  &  Weaver,  E.  R.   Determination  of 
sulphur  in  illuminating  gas.     Jour.  Gas  Lighting, 
vol.  122,  1913,  pp.  598-600.     Gasch's  experiments. 
Seven  or  eight  grains  per  100  cu.  ft.  are  present. 

2.  Schwefelkohlenstofrgehalt  im  Leuchtgas  bei  Ver- 
tikalofenbetrieb.    (Amount  of  carbon  bisulphide  in 
illuminating    gas    from    vertical    retorts.)      Jour. 
Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  51,  1908,  pp.  83-84.    Carbon  bisul- 
phide in  vertical  retorts  lower  than  in  horizontal 
due  to  less  overheating  in  vertical  retorts.    Experi- 
ments carried  on  in  laboratories  of  the  Imperial 
Continental   Gas   Association   and   German   Conti- 
nental  Gas  Association. 

2.  General  properties,  reactions  and  analysis. 

a.  Hydrogen  sulphide. 

3.  Bean,  H.  J.     Determination  of  hydrogen  sulphide 
in  gas.    Amer.  Gas  Assoc.  Mon.,  vol.  2,  1920,  pp. 
265-268.     Indirect  iodometric  method. 

4.  Bosshard,  E.,  &  Horst,  C.    Untersuchung  iiber  die 
Schwefelbestimmung  im  Leuchtgas  nach  Methode 
von  Dickerts.     (Investigation  of  Dickert's  method 


for  sulphur  in  gas.)  Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  55,.  1913, 
pp.  1093-1094.  Claims  that  method  mentioned  in 
6  gives  very  low  results. 

5.  Dewey,  M.  J.    Testing  sulphur  in  gas.     Gas  Age, 
vol.  35,  1915,  p.  336.    lodometric  method. 

6.  Dickerts,   M.      Determining  sulphur  in  coal  gas. 
Gas  World,  vol.  57,  1913,  p.  755.     Claims  that  all 
sulphur  in  the  gas  is  oxidized  to  sulphate  by  pass- 
ing  through    alkaline    perhydrol.      (Concentrated 
hydrogen  peroxide.) 

7. Perhydrol   zur   Bestimmung  des   Gesamt- 

schwefels  im  Leuchtgas.  (Perhydrol  for  determi- 
nation of  total  sulphur  in  illuminating  gas.)  Jour. 
Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  54,  1911,  pp.  182-3. 

8.  Fischer,  F.     (Apparatus  for  estimating  sulphur  in 
coal.)     Zeit.  angew.  Chem.,  Bd.  10,  1897,  p.  302. 
Gas  burned  and  oxidized  with  hydrogen  peroxide. 
Precipitated  as  BaSO4. 

9.  Greville,  H.    Determination  of  sulphuretted  hydro- 
gen in  coal  gas.    Jour.  Gas  Lighting,  vol.  76,  1900, 
p.  1264.     Abstract  Jour.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  vol.  20, 
1901,  p.  73.   Uses  standard  solution  of  ammoniacal 
copper  sulphate. 

10.  Harding,  E.  P.  Description  of  improved  apparatus 
and  of  a  modification  of  Drehschmidt's  method  for 
the  determination  of  total  sulphur  in  coal  gas. 
Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  Jour.,  vol.  28,  1906,  pp.  537-541. 
Burned  in  space  containing  bromine  vapors  and 
aspirated  through  potassium  carbonate  solution. 

ii.  &  Johnson,  E.     Determination  of  hydrogen 

sulphide  in  illuminating  gas.  Eighth  International 
Cong,  of  Applied  Chem.,  vol.  25,  1913,  pp.  673-675. 


12.  Hailstone,  H.  J.   Estimation  of  sulphur  in  coal  gas 
and  benzol.    Gas  World,  vol.  58,  1913,  p.  37.    Prod- 
ucts of  combustion  led  through  solution  of  hydro- 
gen peroxide  and  ammonia. 

13.  Hirsch,  M.    (Determination  of  total  sulphur  in  coal 
gas  by  means  of  N/io  iodine  solution.)  Chem.  Zeit., 
Bd.  43,   1919,  p.  482,  Abstract,  Jour.   Soc.   Chem. 
Ind.,  vol.  38,  1919,  p.  707a.   lodometric  method  used 
with  Drehschmidt  apparatus. 

14.  Jenkins,  C.  D.     Determination  of  total  sulphur  in 
illuminating  gas.    Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  Jour.,  vol.  28, 
1906,  pp.  542-544.    Burned  in  NH;!,  condensed  and 
oxidized  with  Br.  water.     Portable  apparatus  de- 
scribed. 

15.  McBride,   R.    S.,   &    Edwards,   J.    D.     Bureau   of 
Standards  Test  for  H2S.     Gas  Age,  vol.  34,  1914, 
pp.  519-523.    Uses  lead  acetate. 

16.  &  Weaver,  E.  R.    Determination  of  sulphur 

in  illuminating  gas.   Gas  Age,  vol.  31,  1913,  pp.  445- 
449.     Comparison  of  methods. 

17.  Meybloom,  W.  F.     Direct  estimation  of  hydrogen 
sulphide  in  illuminating  gas.     Gas  World,  vol.  56, 
1912,  p.  401. 

18.  Miiller,  A.     (Determination  of  hydrogen  sulphide 
in  coal  gas.)    Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  43,  1901,  pp.  792- 
793.   Abstract,  Jour.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  vol.  20,  1901, 
p.  73.     Cadmium  acetate  to  absorb  the  hydrogen 
sulphide. 

19.  Mylius,  F.,  &  Hiittner,  C.    Schnellmethode  zur  Be- 
stimmung  des  Schwefels  im  Leuchtgas.      (Rapid 
method  for  determination  of  sulphur  in  illuminat- 
ing gas.)      Ber.   Deut.   Chem.    GeselL,  Jahrg.   49, 
1916,  pp.  1428-1443.    Oxidation  by  porous  platinum 
catalyst. 


20.  Roscoe,  H.   E.,  &  Schorlemmer,  C.     Treatise  on 
Chemistry,  vol.  i,  London,  1911,  pp.  387-393.    Good 
description  of  properties  and  reaction  of  hydrogen 
sulphide. 

21.  Somerville,   C.   W.     Determination  of  sulphur  in 
gas.   Jour.  Gas  Lighting,  vol.  116,  1912,  p.  676. 

22.  Rapid  estimation  of  sulphur  and  hydrogen 

sulphide  in  illuminating  gas.     Jour.  Gas  Lighting, 
vol.  112,  1911,  p.  28. 

23.  Tutwiler,  C.  C.     Estimation  of  hydrogen  sulphide 
in  illuminating  gas.     American  Chem.  Soc.  Jour., 
vol.  23,  1901,  p.  173.    Describes  Tutwiler  apparatus 
for  iodometric  titration  of  hydrogen  sulphide. 

b.  Carbon  bisulphide   (Methods  for  total  sulphur 
in  gas  given  in  "a") 

24.  Harding,  E.  P.,  &  Doran,  J.    Technical  determina- 
tion   of    carbon    bisulphide    in    illuminating    gas. 
Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  Jour.,  vol.  29,   1907,  pp.   1480- 
1488.     CS2  absorbed  in   alcoholic   KOH,  acidified 
and  precipitated  with  standard  copper  acetate.    KI 
added  and  iodine  titrated. 

25.  Roscoe,  H.   E.,  &  Schorlemmer,   C.     Treatise  on 
Chemistry,  vol.  i,  London,  1911,  pp.  825-832.    De- 
scription of  properties  and  reactions  of  carbon  bi- 
sulphide. 

c.  Other  possible  sulphur  compounds.     (Method 
for  total  sulphur  in  gas  given  in  "a") 

Properties  and  reactions  of  mercaptans,  thioethers, 
thiophene,  carbon  oxysulphide,  etc.,  given  in  most 
text-books  on  organic  chemistry. 


II.     Gas  Purification  (Removal  of  Sulphur  from  Gas). 
i.  Removal  of  hydrogen  sulphide. 

a.   General  reviews. 

26.  Bell,  J.  F.     British  practice  in  purification  of  coal 
gas.    International  Gas  Cong.  Trans.,  vol.  — ,  1915, 
Abstract  Jour.  Gas  Lighting,  vol.  131,  1915,  pp.  699- 
700. 

27.  Bertelsmann,  W.     (Simultaneous  recovery  of  am- 
monia and  sulphur  from  the  carbonization  of  coal.) 
Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  62,  1919,  pp.  3-4,  21-22.    Re- 
view  of  the   following   special   processes :    Fabry, 
Bergfeld,  Cobb,  Burkheiser,  Fritzches,  and  Feld.  - 

28.  Dunkley,  W.  A.    Some  conditions  affecting  the  use- 
fulness of  iron  oxide  for  city  gas  purification.    Ur- 
bana,    1921.      (Engineering    Experiment    Station, 
Bulletin  No.  1 19.)    This  report  was  prepared  under 
a  co-operative  agreement  between  the  Engineering 
Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  Illinois, 
The  Illinois  State  Geological  Survey,  and  the  U.  S. 
Bureau  of  Mines. 

29.  Farmer,  C.  F.     Preparation  of  purifying  material 
and  the  purification  of  gas.     Prog.  Age,  vol.  27, 
p.  501. 

30.  Liese,  K.     (Oxide  purification  in  Germany).   Jour. 
Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  62,  1919,  p.  113. 

31.  Little,  A.  B.    Purification  of  gas.   Amer.  Gas  Light. 
Jour.,  vol.  95,  1911,  pp.  5-7,  17-19. 

32.  Odell,  W.  W.,  &  Dunkley,  W.  A.    Removal  of  sul- 
phur from  illuminating  gas.     Amer.  Inst.  Min.  & 
Met.  Engrs.  Bull.,  1919,  p.  2301. 

33.  Schumann,  P.      (Oxide  purification  in  Germany.) 
Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  62,  1919,  p.  77. 

8 


34-  Stone,  H.  E.  Coal  gas  purification.  Jour.  Gas 
Lighting,  vol.  116,  1911,  pp.  761-765.  Same,  Gas 
World,  vol.  55,  1911,  pp.  748-750. 

35.  Wolff  ram,    H.      (Evolution   of   gas    purification.) 
Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  54,  1911,  pp.  299-305,  323-329. 
Historical  review. 

b.    Iron  oxide  purification, 
i.  Composition  and  properties  of  iron  oxide. 

36.  Bancroft,  W.  D.  Hydrous  ferric  oxide.  Jour.  Phys. 
Chem.,  vol.  19,  1915,  pp.  232-240.     Preparation  of 
different  forms  of  ferric  oxide. 

37.  Fulweiler,  W.  H.,  &  Kunberger,  A.  F.   Some  of  the 
physical  characteristics  of  ferric  oxide.    Amer.  Gas 
Light.  Jour.,  vol.  99,  1913,  pp.  369-373.    Absorption 
for  H2S  is  better  the  smaller  the  particles. 

38.  Posnjak,  E.,  &  Merwin,  H.   E.     Hydrated  ferric 
oxides.    Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  47,  1919,  pp.  311-348. 
Proof  that  only  one  chemical  hydrate  of  iron  oxide 
exists,  namely,  Fe2O3.H2O. 

39.  Sosman,  R.   B.,  &  Merwin,  H.  W.     Preliminary 
report  on  the  system  lime-ferric  oxide.  Jour.  Wash. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  6,  1916,  pp.  532-537.    Two  double 
compounds  are  formed  by  heating  lime  and  oxide 
of  iron  together. 

40.  Weiser,  H.  B.    Hydrous  oxides,  I.  Hydrous  ferric 
oxide.     Jour.  Phys.  Chem.,  vol.  24,  1920,  pp.  277- 
328.    Discusses  hydration  and  sizes  of  particles. 

41.  Weyman,  G.  Relation  between  molecular  structure 
and  activity  toward  hydrogen  sulphide  of  oxide  of 
iron.     Jour.  Soc.  Chem.  Indus.,  vol.  37,  1918,  pp. 
333T-336T.    Results  of  heating  and  cooling  oxides 
on  their  activity  toward  H2S.     Reviews  previous 
work  on  constitution  of  ferric  hydrates. 


ii.  Methods  of  manufacture  and  description  of  oxides  for 
purification. 

42.  Ab-der-halden,  M.  C.   Efficiency  of  purifying  oxide. 
Gas  World,  vol.  58,  1913,  p.  251.    Allows  H2S  to 
act  on  oxide  and  absorbs  water  in  CaCl2.     Calcu- 
lates H2S,  absorption  from  water. 

43.  Anderson,  G.    Purification  of  coal  gas.    Jour.  Gas 
Lighting,  vol.  123,  1913,  p.  361.    Fine  division  in- 
creases efficiency  but  hydration  has  no  effect. 

44.  Farmer,  C.  F.     Preparation  of  purifying  material 
and  purification  of  gas.     Amer.  Gas  Light.  Jour., 
vol.  91,  1909,  pp.  383-384.     Oxide  made  from  iron 
borings. 

45.  American  Gas  Association — Gas  Purification  Com- 
mittee Report.    Amer.  Gas  Ass'n.  Proc.,  1920.    De- 
scribes a  practical  box  method  for  testing  oxides. 

46.  Humphreys,  N.  H.     Unnoticed  action  of  bog-iron 
ore.   Jour.  Gas  Light.,  vol.  136,  1916,  p.  435. 

47.  Jones,  E.  S.    Oxide  of  iron  purification  in  Califor- 
nia.   Jour.  Gas  Light.,  vol.  136,  1916,  pp.  398-399. 
Method  of  making  oxide. 

48.  Kunberger,  A.  F.   A  short  method  to  determine  the 
efficiency  of  oxide  for  gas  purification.   Gas  World, 
vol.  59,  1913,  pp.  104-105.    Same,  Jour.  Indus.  Eng. 
Chem.,  vol.  5,  1913,  pp.  580-581.     The  Kunberger 
method  for  oxide  efficiency. 

49.  Meyers,  V.  O.     Spent  oxide.    Jour.  Gas  Lighting, 
vol.  131,  1915,  pp.  189-190.    Effect  of  hydration  of 
oxide. 

50.  Scott,  A.  H.    Gas  purifying-  oxides.    Gas  Jour.,  vol. 

138,  1917,  p.  101.    Description  of  various  oxides. 

51.  Standard  method  for  sampling  and  testing  spent 
oxide.    Gas  Jour.,  vol.  150,  1920,  p.  141. 


10 


52.  Terneden,  L,  J.     Natural  and  artificial  purifying 
materials.    Amer.  Gas  Light.  Jour.,  vol.  88,  1908, 
pp.  759-760.     Description  of  "Lux"  purifying  ma- 
terial.    See  also  Jour.  Gas  Light,  vol.   105,  1909, 
p.  105. 

53.  Tracy;  L.  D.     Mine  water  neutralization  plant  at 
Calumet  mine.    Min.  &  Met.,  No.  161,  1920,  pp.  29- 
30.    Manufacture  of  oxide  from  mine  water. 

Patents. 

54.  Heckmann,  J.  C.    Process  and  substance  for  puri- 
fying gas.    U.  S.  Patent  i,i54,585,  1,154,859.    Sept. 
28,  1915,  Slag  and  iron  oxide. 

55.  Granjon,  P.  J.     Composition  for  purifying  gases. 
U.  S.  Patent  1,074,501,  Sept.  30,  1913.     Same,  Ca- 
nadian Patent  157,666,  Sept.  i,  1914.     Oxides  and 
chlorides  of  iron,  mercuric  chloride,  porous  carrier 
and  small  amounts  of  MhO2,  and  CuSO4. 

56.  Marris,  H.  C.,  &  Walker,  W.    Purifying  material. 
British  Patent  154,961,  August  i,  1919.     Material 
made  from  spent  vegetable  matter  from  tanneries 
soluble  compound  of  iron,  and  spent   lime   from 
tanneries. 

57.  Ramsay,  J.  H.,  &  Lowe,  F.  R.    Purifying  material. 
British  Patent  10,935,  July  3,  1915.    Material  made 
after  removing  aluminum  oxide  from  bauxite. 

iii.  Reaction  and  products. 

58.  Allen,  E.  T.,  Crenshaw,  J.  L.,  Johnston,  John,  & 
Larsen,  E.  S.  The  mineral  sulphides  of  iron.  Amer. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  33,  1912,  pp.  169-236.    Experiments 
on  the  formation  of  the  iron  sulphides. 

59.  Anderson,  G.   Beitrage  zur  Reinigung  des  Leucht- 
gases  von  Schwefel.    (The  removal  of  sulphur  from 


ii 


illuminating  gas.)     Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  57,  1914. 

PP-  547-552.  569-575-  Same>  Jour-  Gas  Light->  vol. 
123,  1913,  p.  361.  Discusses  the  sulphiding  reac- 
tions. 

60.  Bunte,  H.     Notes  on  gas  purification.     Jour.  Gas 
Lighting,  vol.  83,  1903,  p.  676.    Thermal  changes 
during  purification  and  revivification. 

61.  Curphey,  W.  S.    Souring  of  oxide.   Gas  World,  vol. 
57,  1912,  pp.  110-116.  Discusses  formation  of  FeSO4 
and  H2SO4. 

62.  Gedel,  L.     (Iron  sulphides  and  the  purification  of 
coal  gas  from  hydrogen  sulphide).    Jour.  Gasbel., 
Jahrg.  48,  1905,  pp.  400407.   A  complete  discussion 
of  the  reactions  occuring  in  gas  purification. 

63.  Linder,  S.  E.    The  action  of  hydrogen  sulphide  on 
hydrated  iron  oxide.    Jour.  Gas  Lighting,  vol.  127, 
1914,  pp.  509-513.   Study  of  the  influence  of  various 
factors  on  the  sulphiding  reactions. 

64.  Mechlenburg,  W.,  &  Rodt,  V.     (Iron  trisulphide.) 
Zeit.  anorg.  allgem.  Chem.,  Bd.  102,  1918,  pp.  130- 
148.  Abstract  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  vol.  114,  pt.  ii,  1918, 
p.  167.    Experiments  on  iron  trisulphide. 

65.  Rodt,    V.      (Iron  sesquisulphide.)      Zeit.    angew. 
Chem.,  Bd.  29,  1916,  pp.  422-423.    Abstract,  Chem. 
Abs.,  vol.  n,  1917,  p.  764.    Experiments  on  forma- 
tion of  Fe2S3. 

66.  Stokes,  H.  N.     On  ferrous  and  ferric  sulphides, 
Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  Jour.,  vol.  29,  1907,  pp.  304-307. 
Formation  and  properties  of  iron  sulphides. 

67.  Stone,  C.  H.    Alkalinity  tests  in  purification.     Gas 
Age,  vol.  46,  1920,  pp.  299-301.    Effect  of  alkalinity 
on  the  reactions. 


12 


68.  Tindale,    H.      Notes   on   oxide   purification.      Gas 
Jour.,  vol.   142,  1918,  pp.  554-555-     Effect  of  am- 
monia on  sulphiding. 

69.  Weyman,  G.   Determination  of  sulphides  of  iron  in 
purifying   materials.      Gas   Jour.,    vol.    149,    1920, 

P-.  301. 

70.  Molecular  structure  and  activity  toward  hy- 
drogen sulphide  of  iron  oxide.     Jour.  Soc.  Chem. 
Ind.,  vol.  37,  1918,  pp.  333T-336T.     Discusses  sul- 
phiding, reactions  and  effect  of  hydration. 

71.  -          -  Practice  and  control  of  oxide  purification. 
Gas  Jour.,  vol.  150,  1920,  pp.  489-490.    Discussion 
of  sulphiding  reactions. 

72.  Oxide  purification.  Gas  Jour.,  vol.  150,  1920, 

pp.  256-257.    Theory  of  purification. 

73.  Secondary  reactions  of  iron  oxide  purifica- 
tion.   Gas  Jour.,  vol.  145,  1919,  pp.  322-323.    Effect 
of  high  temperatures. 

iv.  Revivification. 

74.  Evans,  O.  B.    Revivification  of  oxide  in  situ.    Gas 
Jour.,  vol.  148,  1919,  p.  726. 

Patents 

75.  Doherty,  H.  L.     Revivifying  purifying  materials. 
U.  S.   Patent  843,524,  Feb.  25,   1907.      Regulated 
amount  of  air  sent  in  with  the  gas. 

76.  Glover,  S.,  &  Glover,  T.     Revivifying  iron  oxide. 
British  Patent  26,039,  Nov.   17,  1906.     Iron  oxide 
passed  through  drum  and  exposed  to  air  and  steam. 

v.  Spent  oxide. 

a.   Extraction  of  sulphur. 

77.  Keilpflug,  J.   (Use  of  o-dichlorobenzene  for  extract- 
ing  sulphur  from  oxide.)      Chem.   Zeit.,   Bd.   33, 


1909,  p.  301.  Not  suitable  because  boiling  point  is 
too  high  for  effective  steam  distillation. 

78.  Murphy,  E.   J.     Removal   of   sulphur   from   spent 
oxide.    Jour.  Gas  Light.,  vol.  136,  1916,  pp.  396-397. 
Sulphur  dfssolved  by  water  gas  tar  distillates.   Not 
commercial,  laboratory  scale  only. 

79.  Potsdamer,  L.  S.    Notes  on  sodium  prussiate.  Jour. 
Indus.  Eng.  Chem.,  vol.  n,  1919,  pp.  769-770.  Spent 
oxide  extracted  with  carbon  bisulphide. 

80.  Recovery  of  sulphur  from  spent  oxide.    Gas  World, 
vol.  57,  1912,  p.  497.    Use  of  o-dichlorobenzene  as 
sulphur  solvent. 

81.  Technisches  Ortho-Dichlorbenzol,  ein  Extraktions- 
mittel   zur   Entschwefelung  der    Leuchtgasreinig- 
ungsmasse.      (O-Dichlorobenzene   for   removal   of 

sulphur  from  purifying  material.)  Jour.  Gasbel., 
Jahrg.  52,  1910,  pp.  137-139.  Data  on  solvent  power 
of  this  material. 

82.  Extraction  of  sulphur  from  spent  oxide  by  light  tar 
oils.   Gas  World,  vol.  59,  1913,  p.  333. 

Patents. 

83.  Anderson,  W.     British   Patent    127,128,  June    15, 

1918.     Sulphur  from  spent  oxide  by  carbon  bisul- 
phide with  or  without  benzene. 

84.  Becigneul,  J.  J.  M.  Sulphur  from  gas  purifying  ma- 
terial.    U.  S.  Patent  833,573,  Oct-  l6>  1906.     Ex- 
tracted with  toluene  followed  by  purification  of 
sulphur. 

85.  Same,  British  Patent  9,800,  April  26,  1906. 

Sulphur  extracted  by  carbon  tetrachloride. 

86.  Bonneau,  L.  C,  &  Hasenfratz,  V.  E.  British  Patent 
10,780,    May    i,    1914.      Sulphur    extracted    with 
C2HC13. 


87.  Williams,  P.  E.    Sulphur  from  spent  oxide.   British 
Patent  596,  Jan.  9,  1909.  Strong  ammoniacal  liquor 
to  dissolve  sulphur. 

b.  Utilization  other  than  sulphur  extraction. 

88.  Feilitzen,  H.  von.      (Gas  purification  residues  as 
weed  insecticide  and  fertilizer.)    Fiihlings.  Landw. 
Zeit,  Bd.  61,  1912,  pp.  285-294.    General  conclusion 
is  that  it  is  unsatisfactory  for  the  above  purposes. 

89.  Gregoire,  A.,  &  Hendrick,  J.     L'Engrais,  vol.  23, 
1908,  p.  19.    Fertilizing  value  of  spent  oxide  is  one- 
third  that  of  sodium  nitrate. 

90.  Lindet,  L.    (Substitution  of  gas  purifying  residues 
for  pyride  in  the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid.) 
Bull.  Soc.  Encour.  Ind.  Nat'L,  vol.   141,   1919,  p. 
137.    Same,  Ann.  Sci.  Agron.,  vol.  36,  1919,  p.  225. 
Roasting  spent  oxide. 

91.  (Use  of  spent  oxide  as  fertilizer.)     Jour.  Gasbel., 
Jahrg.  61,  1918,  p.  152.    Abstract  Jour. , Soc.  Chem. 
Indus.,  vol.  37,  1918,  p.  479a.    Sulphur  and  cyanide 
compounds  act  as  plant  poisons,  but  find  consider- 
able use  in  France. 

92.  Grube,  G.,  &  Dulk,  B.     (Extraction  of  potassium 
ferrocyanide  from  spent  gas  purifying  material.) 

Zeit.  angew.  Chem.,  Bd.  33-!,  1920,  p.  141.    Extrac- 
tion with  lime. 

93.  Rey,  J.    (Residue  from  gas  purification  as  a  substi- 
tute for  pyrite  in  the  preparation  of  sulphite  pulp.) 
Papier  Ztg.,  vol.  37,  1911,  p.   1751.     If  free  from 
ammonia  and  cyanides  makes  a  suitable  substitute. 

Patents. 

94.  Cislet,  E.,  &  Deguide,  C.    German  Patent  288,767, 
Aug.  9,  1913.     Oxide  dissolved  with  acid,  leaving 
sulphur  free.    Iron  then  reprecipitated. 


95-  Dibdin,  W.  J.  Revivifying  spent  oxide.  British 
Patent  141,172,  March  15,  1919.  Heated  in  super- 
heated steam  and  then  in  air. 

96.  Kinz,  E.  B.,  &  Wescott,  E.  C.    U.  S.  Patent  1,211,- 
713,  Jan.  9,  1917.    Spent  oxide  mixed  with  lime  and 
hot  water  to  make  lime  sulphur  spray. 

97.  McDonald.    U.  S.  Patent  1,061,859,  May  13,  1913. 
Sulphur  burned  out  of  oxide. 

98.  Williams,  P.  E.    British  Patent  2,813,  Feb.  5,  1909. 
Sulphur  burned  out  so  oxide  can  be   used   over 
again. 

99.  Wyld,  W.   British  Patent  22,514,  Oct.  4,  1909.   Sul- 
phur burned  out  and  oxide  immediately  carried  to 
cooler   atmosphere    to    prevent    decomposition    of 
hydrate. 

vi.  Construction  of  Purifiers. 

100.  Broadberry,  A.  E.     The  application  of  reinforced 
concrete  to  purifier  construction.     Gas  Jour.,  vol. 
146,  1919,  pp.  601-605.    Same,  Gas  World,  vol.  70, 
1919,  pp.  459-463.    Details  of  construction. 

101.  Child,  W.  D.    Construction  of  concrete  purifiers  at 
Romford  in  1913.     Jour.   Gas  Lighting,  vol.   133, 
1916,  pp.  639-642.    Details  of  construction. 

102.  Haddock,  I.  T.    Corrosion  of  metals  in  gas  purify- 
ing house.    Prog.  Age,  vol.  30,  p.  294.    Treatment 
with  bakelite  to  prevent  corrosion. 

103.  Paige,  C.  E.  Purifier  installations.  Amer.  Gas  Inst. 
Proc.,  vol.  9,  1914,  pp.  721-762.    Construction,  oper- 
ation and  costs. 

104.  Parsons,  F.  R.  Some  mechanical  aspects  of  purifier 
installations.    Gas  World,  vol.  72,  1920,  pp.  25-26. 
Details  of  construction. 


16 


105.  Schmeidt,  E.    Column  purifier  for  dry  gas  purifica- 
tion.  Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  53,  1910,  pp.  31-37.    Ad- 
vantages in  cost  of  installation,  economy  of  space, 
efficiency  and  ease  of  cleaning  claimed  for  this  type. 

106.  Steere,  F.  W.     Principles  of  gas  purification  and 
purifier  design.   Gas  Age,  vol.  43,  1919,  pp.  227-231, 
285-290,  361-363.    Review  of  formulas  and  state- 
ment of  Steere  formula. 

vii.  Operation  of  Purifiers. 

107.  Allner,  W.     Neues  von  der  trockenen  Schwefel- 
reinigung.     (New  ideas  in  the  dry  purification  of 
gas.)     Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  53,  1910,  pp.  733-737- 
Describes  box  rotation. 

108.  Anderson,  G.  W.     Oxide  purification.     Gas  Jour., 
vol.  149,  1920,  pp.  688-690.    Details  of  operation. 

109.  Bennett,  W.     Notes  on  purification.      Jour.   Gas 
Lighting,  vol.  133,  1916,  pp.  419-422.    Same,  Amer. 
Gas  Light  Jour.,  vol.  104,  1916,  pp.  202-205.  Details 
of  purifier  operation. 

no.  Bossner,  F.  Beitrage  zur  trockenen  Gasreinigung. 
(Dry  purification  of  gas.)  Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  51, 
1908,  pp.  777-779.  Discussion  of  capacity,  speed  of 
gas,  etc. 

in.  Cleator,  J.  G.  New  method  of  working  purifiers  to 
avoid  back  pressure.  Gas  World,  vol.  65,  1916,  p. 
458.  Details  of  operation. 

112.  Curphey,  W.  S.    The  "Backward"  system  of  purifi- 
cation. Gas  Jour.,  vol.  147,  1919,  pp.  339-342.  Same, 
Gas  World,  vol.  71,  1919,  pp.  80-84.   Advantages  of 
backward  system  of  rotation. 

113.  Dunkley,  W.  A.,  &  Barnes,  C.  E.    Gas  purification 
in  the  medium-size  gas  plants  of  Illinois.    111.  State 
Geol.  Survey,  Co-operative  Series,  1920,  Bull.  25. 


Operation  of  purifiers,  particularly  in  Illinois.   Also 
Gas  Record,  vol.  17,  1920,  pp.  33-36,  43-46. 

114.  Jones,  E.  S.     Area  theory  for  calculating  amount 
of  oxide  to  purify  given  quantity  of  gas  practically 
disproved  by  California  tower  purifiers  of  recent 
years.     Amer.  Gas  Light  Jour.,  vol.  105,  1916,  pp. 
245-247. 

115.  Jones,  W.  C.     Notes  on  purification.     Jour.   Gas 
Lighting,  vol.   136,   1916,  pp.  237-240.     Details  of 
operation. 

116.  Krause.    (New  purifying  plant  at  the  Gasbrook  Gas 
Works,  Hamburg.)    Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  63,  1920, 
p.  611. 

117.  Lord,    J.      Experiences    with    oxide    purification. 
Jour.  Gas  Lighting,  vol.  105,  1909,  p.  313.    Details 
of  operation  to  prevent  channelling,  wet  oxide  and 
hardening  of  oxide. 

118.  Madsen,  C.  J.  H.    Uber  die  Bedeutung  der  chemi- 
schen  Kontrolle  im  Reinigerhausbetriebe.     (Chem- 
ical control  in  operating  purifiers.)     Jour  Gasbel., 
Jahrg.  58,  1915,  pp.  234-237. 

1 19.  Scears,  E.     The  reverse  action   system  of  oxide 
purification.    Gas  World,  vol.  54,  1911,  pp.  568-571. 
Claims  that  boxes  do  not  need  to  be  opened  for  16 
months  with  this  system. 

c.   Lime  and  other  solid  purification. 

120.  Divers,  &  Shimidzu.     Jour.   Chem.  Soc.,  vol.  45, 
1884,  p.  270.    Theory  of  lime  purification. 

121.  Forstall,  T.    Jour.  Gas  Lighting,  vol.  26,  1889,  p. 
364.    Operation  of  lime  purifiers. 

122.  Groves,  C.  E.,  &  Thorp,  William.    Chemical  Tech- 
nology, vol.  III.     Gas  Lighting,  Phila.,   1904,  pp. 


I2I-I28.     General  discussion  of  the  principles  and 
practice  of  lime  purification. 

123.  Veley.    Jour.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  vol.  4,  1885,  p.  633. 
Theory  of  lime  purification. 

d.    Liquid  purification, 
i.  Feld  process. 

124.  Espenhahn,  E.  V.    Some  notes  on  ammonium  thio- 
sulphate-polythionate  solutions;  a  contribution  to 
liquid  purification  of  coal  gas.     Jour.  Soc.  Chem. 
Ind.,  vol.  36,  1917,  pp.  483-489. 

125.  Feld,  W.    Difficulties  in  gas  purification  processes. 
Gas  World,  vol.  57,  1912,  p.  760.     Description  of 
Feld  process. 

126.  Feld  process.    Jour.  Gas  Lighting,  vol.  107, 

1909,  p.  8 1 6. 

127.  Feld  process  for  recovery  of  sulphur.     Gas  Age, 
vol.  42,  1918,  pp.   198-199.     Genie  Civil,  vol.   143, 
1918,  p.  159. 

128.  Feld's  process  for  sulphur  from  hydrogen  sulphide 
and  sulphur  dioxide.    Jour.  Gas  Lighting,  vol.  109, 

1910,  pp.  729-730.    Use  of  zinc  oxide  as  the  oxida- 
tion medium. 

129.  Hurdelbrink,  Herr,  Dr.     Feld  process.    Jour.  Gas- 
bel.,  Jahrg.  53,  pp.  956-962.    Study  with  pure  ma- 
terials on  laboratory  scale. 

130.  Raschig,  F.     (The  Walther  Feld  process.)     Zeit. 
angew.  Chem.,  Bd.  33,  I,  1920,  p.  260. 

131.  Sander,  A.     (Feld's  process.)    Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg. 
62,  1919,  p.  65. 

132.  Stavorinus,  D.    (Hydrogen  sulphide  removal  by  the 
Feld  process.)     Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  53,  pp.  705- 
706.    Description  of  the  process  making  use  of  zinc 
thiosulphate. 


ii.  Burkheiser  process. 

133.  Bertelsmann,  W.     (New  method  of  purifying  illu- 
minating gas.)    Chem.  Zeit,  Jahrg.  34,  p.  986.    Dis- 
cussion of  the  principles  involved  in   Burkheiser 
process. 

134.  Burkheiser,  K.    The  Burkheiser  process.  8th  Inter- 
national Cong.  Appld.  Chem.,  vol.  10,  p.  63.    Com- 
plete description  of  the  Burkheiser  process. 

135.  Dobbelstein,  O.    The  Burkheiser  purification  pro- 
.    cess  at  work  in  Berlin.    Gas  World,  vol.  54,  1911, 

pp.  343-344.    Practical  operation  of  the  process. 

136.  Glasgow    Gas    Committee.      Burkheiser    process. 
Jour.  Gas  Lighting,  vol.  116,  1911,  p.  750.    Discus- 
sion of  the  Burkheiser  process  and  the  need  for 
liquid  purification. 

iii.  Miscellaneous  process. 

137.  Beigh,  K.     Purification  by  ferriginous  zinc  resi- 
dues.    Gas  World,  vol.  60,  1914,  p.  620.     Liquid 
residue  from  copper  extractions  as  absorbent  for 
hydrogen  sulphide. 

138.  Brenner,  E.  C.  Purification  of  water  gas.  Gas  Age, 
vol.  47,  1921,  pp.  315-18.  Sodium  hypochloride  solu- 
tion is  used  in  purification. 

139.  Davidson,  W.   B.     Purification  of  coal  gas  from 
acid  impurities  by  its  own  ammonia.    Gas  World, 
vol.  58,  1913,  p.  7.    See  also  patent  by  Davidson. 

140.  Doherty,  H.  L.     Gas  purification  process.     Jour. 
Gas  Lighting,  vol.  120,  1912,  p.  491.   Uses  ammonia 
liquor.      Hydrogen   sulphide   and   carbon   dioxide 
boiled  out  at  100  deg.  C. 

141.  Evans,  O.  B.    Liquid  purification  of  gas.    Gas  Rec- 
ord, vol.  15,  1919,  pp.  215-216.   Same,  Gas  Age,  vol. 


20 


43,  1919,  PP-  475-476.     Description  of  iron  oxide 
suspension  process  used  at  Atlantic  Refining  Co. 

142.  Goldsmith,  L.  M.    Liquid  purification  of  gas.    Gas 
Age,  vol.  45,   1920,  p.   161.     Operating  details  of 
above  process  described. 

143.  O'Neill,   J.    G.      Liquid   purification   of   coal   gas. 
Amer.  Gas  Inst.  Proc.,  vol.  8,  I,  1913,  pp.  463-475. 
Seventy  per   cent,   of  purification   cost   saved  by 
washing  gas  with  weak  ammonia  liquor. 

144.  Continuous  purification  of  coal  gas  with 

weak   ammonia   liquor.     8th   International   Cong. 
Appld.  Chem.,  vol.  10,  pp.  207.    Same,  Jour.  Indus. 
Eng.  Chem.,  vol.  4,  1912,  pp.  876-878.    Description 
of  the  O'Neill  process. 

145.  Parrish,    P.     Some   observations    concerning    (a) 
liquid  purification  of,  and  (b)  the  simultaneous  re- 
covery of  sulphur  and  ammonia  from  coal  gas.   Gas 
Jour.,  vol.  144,  1918,  pp.  413-420.  Same,  Gas  World, 
vol.   69,    1918,   pp.   300-304.      Ammonia   liquor   to 
purify   gas   with    subsequent   distillation    and   re- 
covery of  sulphur  and  ammonia. 

146.  Petit,  T.     Carbonate  of  potash  for  purifying  gas. 
Jour.  Gas  Light.,  vol.  131,  1915,  pp.  645-646.    Ab- 
stract. Gas  World,  vol.  63,  1915,  p.  374.    Hydrogen 
sulphide  removed  by  potassium  carbonate.   Revivi- 
fied by  air  blast. 

147.  Reese,  C.   E.     Liquid  purification  of  gases.     Gas 
Age,  vol.   45,   1920,  pp.   344-346.     Uses   ammonia 
liquor. 

148.  Schnerr,  C.  A.     Liquid  purification  of  illuminating 
gas.    Chem.  Eng.,  vol.  16,  1912,  pp.  49-54.   Solution 
of  sulphur  dioxide  to  remove  the  hydrogen   sul- 
phide.   Proposal  only. 


21 


Patents. 

149.  Burschell.      French   Patent  366,047,  May  9,   1906. 
Hydrogen  sulphide  removed  by  potassium  tartrate 
solution  of  iron  oxide. 

150.  Cobb,  J.   W.      Extracting   ammonia   and   sulphur 
compounds  from  gas.    U.  S.  Patent  1,108,705,  Aug. 
25,    1914.      Hydrogen   sulphide   and   ammonia   re- 
moved by  solution  of  zinc  sulphate. 

151.  Cislet,  &  Deguide.     British  Patent  9,780,  July  5, 
1915.     Gas  treated  with  ammonia  in  solution  and 
lime  suspension. 

152.  Davidson,  W.  B.     British  Patent  23,696,  April  2*5, 
1912.     Ammonia  mixed  with   gas   to   be  purified. 
Steam  separates  ammonia  and  acid  gases,  and  am- 
monia returned  to  process. 

153.  Fritzsche,  P.    German  Patent  250,243,  October  18, 
1910.    Purification  of  gas  by  wet  process.    Solution 
of  aluminum  sulphide  used. 

154.  Gewerkschaft,    Messel.      German    Patent    181,063, 
April  29,    1906.     Water   soluble  salts  of  organic 
hydroxy  carboxylic  acids  and  iron  oxide  used. 

155.  Rambush,   N.   E.     Purifying  gas.     Pritish   Patent 
153,665,  August   n,   1919.     Use  of  iron  oxide   in 
suspension. 

156.  Fabry,  R.    British  Patent  29,  Jan.  i,  1914.    Hydro- 
gen  sulphide   absorbed   by   alkaline   solution   and 
later  driven  off. 

e.  Gaseous  purification. 
Patents. 

157.  Leamon,  W.  G.    British  Patent  120,554.  September 
25,  1918. 


22 


158.  Treating  gases   containing  hydrogen  sul- 
phide.   U.  S.  Patent  1,317,583,  September  30,  1919. 
Restricted  amount  of  air  supplied  to  gas  to  oxidize 
hydrogen  sulphide  to  sulphur  and  water.   May  have 
catalysts  as  Pt.  Ni. 

2.  Removal  of  carbon  bisulphide. 

a.  Hot  purification. 

159.  Ab-der-Halden,  C.     Removing  carbon  bisulphide 
from  gas.     Jour.  Gas  Lighting,  vol.  125,  1914,  p. 
571.     Description  of  different  processes. 

160.  Carpenter,  C.  C.     Decomposition  of  carbon  bisul- 
phide in  coal  gas  by  hot  purification.     Jour.  Gas 
Lighting,  vol.  123,  1913,  pp.  30-33.    Nickel  catalyst 
method. 

161.  Decomposition  of  carbon  bisulphide  in  gas 

by  heat.     Jour.   Gas  Lighting,  vol.   122,   1913,  p. 
1010.    Gas  heated  and  passed  over  balls  of  reduced 
nickel  at  430  deg.  C.     Hydrogen  combines  with 
carbon  bisulphide  to  form  hydrogen  sulphide  and 
free  carbon. 

162.  Decomposition  of  carbon  bisulphide  in  light- 
ing gas  by  hot  purification.     Gas  World,  vol.  60, 
1914,  pp.  39-40. 

163.  Gas  purification  by  heat.    Jour.  Gas  Light- 
ing, vol.  126,  1914,  pp.  928-938.    Same,  Gas  World, 
vol.  60,   1914,  pp.  863-872.     Abstract  Amer.   Gas 
Light  Jour.,  vol.  101,  1914,  pp.  44-45.    General  re- 
view of  the  problem. 

164.  Carpenter,    M.      Purification   of   gases   containing 
carbon  bisulphide  by  heat.     Genie  Civil,  vol.  63, 
1913,  p.  293.    Nickel  catalyst  method. 

165.  Clowes,  F.     Sulphur  impurities  of  coal  gas.    Jour. 
Gas  Lighting,  vol.  134,  1916,  pp.  279-282.     Nickel 
catalyst  method. 


166.  Cooper,  G.  S.    The  elimination  of  organic  sulphur. 
Gas  World,  vol.  54,  1911,  pp.  38-39.     Gas  mixed 
with  steam  and  passed  through  hot  tubes  contain- 
ing scrap  copper. 

167.  Cooper,  G.  S.    The  elimination  of  organic  sulphur. 
Gas  World,  vol.  54,  1911,  p.  866.     Laboratory  ex- 
periments show  that  hot  lime  causes  decomposi- 
tion of  carbon  bisulphide  to  hydrogen  sulphide. 

168.  Evans,  E.  V.    Removal  of  carbon  bisulphide  from 
coal  gas.    Jour.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  vol.  34,  1915.  pp. 
9-14.    Abstract:  Engineering,  vol.  99,  1915,  p.  228. 
General  review  of  various  processes  for  removal  of 
carbon  bisulphide,   especially   the  nickel   catalyst 
process. 

169.  Fulweiler,  W.  H.     Hot  purification.     Amer.   Gas 
Assoc.  Monthly,  vol.  i,  1919,  p.  184.   Coke  oven  gas 
purified  by  heating  to  450  deg.  F.  and  then  passed 
over  very  active  oxide. 

170.  Guillet,  O.    Elimination  of  carbon  bisulphide  from 
gas.     Genie  Civil,  vol.  61,  p.  184.    Moisture  in  gas 
decomposes   carbon    bisulphide    to    form    carbon 
dioxide  and  hydrogen  sulphide. 

171.  Removal  of  carbon  bisulphide.    Gas  World, 

vol.  56,  1912,  p.  904.    Carbon  bisulphide  with  iron 
of  the  holder  forms  hydrogen  sulphide.    Zinc  sul- 
phate in  water  of  holder  prevents  this.     See  also 
above  entry. 

172.  Latta,   N.     Organic   sulphur   and   its   elimination. 
Prog.  Age,  vol.  27,  1909,  p.  390.     Description  of 
system  used  at  Portland,  whereby  the  moisture  de- 
composes carbon  bisulphide  at  620°  C. 

173.  Matwin,  J.     Ein  weiterer  Beitrag  zur  Schwefel- 
kohlenstoffwasche.     (Removing  carbon  bisulphide 
from  gas.)    Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  52,  1911,  pp.  602- 


24 


6o4-  By  passing  gas  over  finely  divided  nickel  at 
300°  C,  the  carbon  bisulphide  decomposes  to  form 
hydrogen  sulphide. 

174.  Papst,  H.  M.     Removal  of  organic  sulphur  from 
gas.    Gas  World,  vol.  58,  1913,  p.  210..   Hot  checker 
system  removes  from  62  to  70  per  cent,  in  the  form 
of  hydrogen  sulphide. 

175.  Removal    of    organic    sulphur    from    gas. 

Amer.  Gas  Light  Jour.,  vol.  94,  1911,  pp.  407-410. 
Process  in  use  at  Portland.     Gas  heated  to  1200° 
F.,  thereby  removing  70  per  cent,  of  organic  sul- 
phur.    Same,  Jour.  Gas  Lighting,  vol.   113,  1911, 
p.  906. 

176.  Problems  of  complete  purification.    Gas  Jour.,  vol. 
152,  1920,  p.  143.    Review  of  the  Carpenter-Evans 
and  Rideal-Taylor  processes. 

177.  Purifying  gas  by  heat.     Jour.   Gas  Lighting,  vol. 
123,  1913,  pp.  491-493.    Brief  review  of  the  nickel 
catalyst  method  for  removal  of  carbon  bisulphide. 

Patents. 

178.  Berk  &  Co.  Purifying  coal  gas.  British  Patent  143,- 
641,  Feb.  28,  1919.     Organic  sulphur  removed  by 
passing   over   hot   aluminum    oxide,   beauxite,    or 
ignited  magnesia. 

179.  Rideal,  E.  K.,  &  Taylor,  H.  S.    British  Patent  130,- 
654,  March  2,  1918.    Organic  sulphur  converted  to 
hydrogen    sulphide    by    passing    over    iron    oxide 
mixed  with   certain   metallic  oxides  as   catalysts. 
Purifying  mass  heated  to  300-650°  C. 

b.  Alkali  cellulose. 

1 80.  Extraction  of  sulphide  of  carbon  from  coal  gas. 
Jour.  Gas  Lighting,  vol.  119,  1912,  p.  562.    Alkali 
cellulose  process. 


181.  Knoevengel.    Entfernung  von  Schwefelkohlenstoff 
aus  Gasen.     (Removal  of  carbon  bisulphide  from 
gas.)     Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  56,  1913,  pp.  757-760. 
After  the  carbon  dioxide  has  been  removed  from 
the  gas,  the  carbon  bisulphide  is  absorbed  in  al- 
kaline   cellulose.      This    forms    cellulose    xantho- 
genate  which  may  be  used  to  prepare  artificial  silk. 

182.  Kuckuk,  T.    Extraction  of  carbon  bisulphide  from 
gas  by  the  "Athion"  process.    Jour.  Gas  Lighting, 
vol.  123,  1913,  p.  34.    Description  of  the  alkali  cel- 
lulose or  "Athion"  process.    Ten  tons  of  "Athion'' 
will  absorb  1.25  tons  of  carbon  bisulphide. 

c.  Miscellaneous  processes. 

183.  Hamilton,  E.  R.    Sulphur  troubles  at  Halifax  (N. 
S.).    Gas  Record,  vol.  18,  1920,  p.  n.    Same,  Amer. 
Gas  Eng.  Jour.,  vol.  113,  1920,  pp.  202-204.    Com- 
parison of  various  methods  for  removal  of  carbon 
bisulphide. 

184.  Teune,  H.    Removal  of  carbon  bisulphide  from  gas. 
Jour.   Gas   Lighting,  vol.    130,    1915,  pp.   334-335- 
Very  little  carbon  bisulphide  dissolved  in  free  sul- 
phur of  spent  oxide. 

185.  Wanner,  H.     (Carbon  bisulphide  from  illuminating 
gas.)     Jour.  Gasbel.,  Jahrg.  58,  1915,  pp.  456-457- 
Absorptive  effect  of  coke,  charcoal,  pitch,  etc.,  for 
carbon  bisulphide. 

Patents. 

186.  Adams,  W.   G.     British  Patent   127,431,  June  21, 
1918.      Charcoal    used    to    remove    sulphur    com- 
pounds. 

187.  Bury,  E.,  Ollander,  O.,  &  Bury,  A.   F.      British 
Patent  133,159,  October  4,  1918.    Peat  coke  made 

26 


at  700-900°  C,  used  for  absorption  of  sulphur  com- 
pounds in  gas. 

188.  Hall,  E.  L.     Purification  of  gases.     U.  S.  Patent 
1,120,475,  Dec.  8,  1914.    Organic  sulphur  converted 
to  hydrogen  sulphide  by  silent  electric  discharges. 

189.  Meyer,  M.,  &  Fehlmann,  A.    U.  S.  Patent  926,273, 
June  29,  1909.  Carbon  bisulphide  removed  by  treat- 
ment with  mixture  of  aniline  and  ferrous  oxide. 

3.  Removal  of  other  Organic  Sulphur  Compounds. 

Since  nothing  definite  is  known  about  other  sul- 
phur compounds  in  gas  than  hydrogen  sulphide 
and  carbon  bisulphide,  no  specific  method  has  been 
devised  for  their  removal.  Several  of  the  processes 
for  the  removal  of  carbon  bisulphide,  however, 
claim  the  removal  of  organic  sulphur  in  general. 


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